Instructional+Design


 * What is instructional design? **
 * Instructional design is the practice of maximizing the effectiveness, efficiency and appeal of instruction and other learning experiences. The process consists broadly of determining the current state and needs of the learner, defining the end goal of instruction and creating some "intervention" to assist in the transition. Ideally the process is informed by pedagogically and andragogically (adult learning) tested theories of learning and may take place in student-only, teacher-led or community-based settings. The outcome of this instruction may be directly observable and scientifically measured or completely hidden and assumed. There are many instructional design models but many are based on the ADDIE model with the phases analysis, design, development, implementation, and evaluation. Source: []
 * "the systematic and reflective process of translating principles of learning and instruction into plans for instructional materials, activities, information resources, and evaluation" (Smith & Ragan, 1999, p. 2).


 * as a PROCESS, it is "the systematic development of instructional specifications using learning and instructional theory to ensure the quality of instruction"
 * as a DISCIPLINE, it is the "branch of knowledge concerned with research and theory about instructional strategies and the process for developing and implementing those strategies"
 * as SCIENCE, it is about "creating detailed specifications for the development, implementation, evaluation, and maintenance of situations that facilitate the learning of both large and small units of subject matter at all levels of complexity"
 * as REALITY, "instructional design can start at any point in the design process" (University of Michigan, 1996) Source: []
 * Source: []
 * Who is the instructional designer?**
 * An individual whose job is "to create ** something ** that enables a person or group of people to learn about a particular topic, develop or improve a set of skills, or encourage the learner to conduct further study" --- e.g., a lecture, a multimedia presentation, the curriculum for a year's study, a piece of computer software, an in-person demonstration, a test preparation booklet.

**What are instructional design models?** []

Ryder states, "Models, like myths and metaphors, help us to make sense of our world. Whether derived from whim or from serious research, a model offers its user a means of comprehending an otherwise incomprehensible problem. An instructional design model gives structure and meaning to an I.D. problem, enabling the would-be designer to negotiate her design task with a semblance of conscious understanding. Models help us to visualize the problem, to break it down into discrete, manageable units. The value of a specific model is determined within the context of use. Like any other instrument, a model assumes a specific intention of its user. A model should be judged by how it mediates the designer's intention, how well it can share a work load, and how effectively it shifts focus away from itself toward the object of the design activity."

The ADDIE Instructional Design Model []

Case Scenario ** Creating a Hybrid College Course: Instructional Design Notes and Recommendations for Beginners []